Wednesday, August 26, 2020

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism Presentation This audit talks about the movement of kinesin, a twofold headed engine protein. An investigation was directed to figure out which of two movement designs is the one which portrays the development of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of engine proteins which are fueled by the hydrolysis of ATP †the particle answerable for moving concoction vitality for digestion [1]. Kinesin move huge payload about cells by strolling along microtubules, hydrolysing one particle of ATP for every progression [2]. It has been proposed than the power of the protein official to the microtubule impels the payload along [3]. Kinesin moves to the â€Å"plus† end of the microtubule, which means it move the freight from the inside to the edge of the cell [4]. There is proof that some kinesins have a job in mitosis (cell division), by isolating microtubules or depolymerising them [5]. The Models The inchworm model portrays movement with one â€Å"arm† of the protein pushing ahead, trailed by the other, with the principal arm consistently in the number one spot. There are two sorts of inchworm movement, symmetric and lopsided, which are appeared in the picture underneath. The symmetric model makes littler strides, so just each arm moves in turn. Unbalanced movement makes a solitary stride, at the center of which the two arms move. In the hand-over-hand model, substituting arms push ahead over one another. In the symmetric case, the atom turns a similar way inevitably, yet in the hilter kilter case the particle pivots in substituting headings. These models are appeared in the picture beneath. Primary Results The papers primary outcome shows that the kinesin protein moves utilizing an unbalanced hand-over-hand component. To arrive at this decision, an assortment of single atom tests were performed. They built up that the individual kinesin dimers make discrete strides indiscriminately spans along the microtubule, and may take upwards of one hundred 8 nm ventures before discharging. The development is processive, implying that the protein can make numerous successive strides without discharging the substrate (the particle on which it acts †here, the microtubule). This movement exists in any event, when outside powers up to a few pN are applied, which demonstrates some portion of the protein remains appended consistently. The dynamic piece of kinesin is made out of a dimer, with two indistinguishable overwhelming chains, each with a â€Å"head† connected to a typical tail. These chains join to a short â€Å"neck† made out of single polypeptide chains. The overwhelming chains are snaked round one another to permit the turn vital for the hand-over-hand model. This pivot is about the neck, however the movement of the heads turning would keep twisting, adding until the overwhelming chains would join into a typical tail, forestalling autonomous revolution. An examination was led [6] demonstrating that no critical revolution happens of the tail during the venturing movement. For a symmetric model, an enormous turn (around 180 degrees) was normal in the hand-over-hand models. The reason for the meaning of â€Å"symmetric† here was in three measurements: the structure of the kinesin and microtubule must be indistinguishable toward the beginning and end of every ATP hydrolytic cycle, aside from the two heads having traded places [6]. A case of this is just the dimer pivoting a large portion of an upset about a hub opposite to the microtubule each progression [7], consequently the expectation for a revolution of 180 degrees. Anyway this was precluded, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, just one of the heads is dynamic in hydrolysis, yet the chance of a hilter kilter hand-over-hand movement remained. This would imply that the head and neck move so that the general turn of the tail is smothered, rather shifting back and forth between two unmistakable structures [8]. How They Were Obtained The progression movement of individual local and recombinant (framed in the lab by joining hereditary material from numerous sources) kinesin particles was estimated, utilizing optical power clasp mechanical assembly. This method utilizes light from a firmly focussed laser to trap little, polarisable particles in a likely well close to the point of convergence [9]. It was discovered that the inherent venturing rates shifted back and forth between two unique qualities for each progression, which means the atoms â€Å"limped†. The distinction in steps suggests there was a rotation in fundamental atomic setups, which means the movement couldn't be completely symmetric, (for example, the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand movements ought to be). The revelation of the limp, alongside other nano-mechanical properties, implies the protein moves with a deviated hand-over-hand movement. Single atoms of kinesin were appended to infinitesimal dabs, filling in as markers for position and as handles for outer powers. An optical snare was then used to catch the individual globules that diffused while conveying the kinesin, which were set close to the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The movement was then followed utilizing nanometer level exactness. An input controlled power light was utilized to apply a steady in reverse burden during the movement, so as to lessen the Brownian variances and improve the spatiotemporal goals. It additionally took into consideration the kinesin to move further, making more strides, so as to show measurable essentialness. The Results A subordinate of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was appeared to have an undeniable limp, with enormous time contrasts in the means in spite of the stochastic nature (and resulting changeability). Measurable examination indicated critical contrasts in the normal advance occasions for both moderate and quick advances. The spans of the means were then determined as Ï„slow = 136  ± 6 ms and Ï„fast = 24  ± 1 ms. The limp factor, L, would then be able to be determined as the proportion of the mean term of the moderate venturing time to the mean length of the quick venturing time. The dispersion indicated huge limping for most of particles, yet there was wide variety in the outcomes. 63% of records indicated L > 4, and the normal was L = 6.45  ± 0.31. A few engines took numerous runs and had reliably higher limp elements than others, yet the appropriation was wide and the populaces couldn't be isolated of limping and non-limping particles. Other kinesin atoms, for example, the local squid kinesin, demonstrated basically no proof of limping †similar computations were applied as to DmK401, and the occasions were determined to be Ï„slow = 90  ± 4 ms and Ï„fast = 54  ± 2 ms. The thing that matters is a lot littler than that for DmK401. The limp circulation was likewise seen as smaller, with the normal limp factor being L = 2.23  ± 0.14, just marginally higher than the assessed an incentive for a non-limping particle, L ~ 1.8. The test was then finished with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had expanding tail lengths. Longer stalks mean the engines are more averse to limp. The biggest tail tried was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16  ± 0.17, which was unclear from local squid kinesin. There was additionally a relationship between's an expanding limp factor (thusly shorter stalks) and an expansion in trademark lifetime of the moderate advance time, though the quick advance stayed invariant. This proposes the limping originates from one head alone, and the other is uninterested. A bacterial articulation of a subsidiary of human kinesin (HsK413) additionally limped, with limp factor = 2.98  ± 0.25, a lot more noteworthy than the local squid kinesin, yet at the same time under DmK401 and DmK448. Infrequently, squid kinesin atoms appeared to limp, making exceptions †some of which limped reliably. Conversation As both local and bacterially communicated dimers from various species can limp, this conduct might be an aftereffect of a typical system portraying how all kinesin particles move. The shift among short and long advance occasions during limping mirrors a variation between the natural rate (the rate with which the populace increments) and the time it takes to leave each stage where neither one of the heads is moving. This suggests the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is diverse toward the finish of consecutive advances. The system depicting the development of kinesin should along these lines be uneven, which means the atomic setup switches after each progression. Symmetric components, by definition, can't represent exchanging †inchworm models won't limp without extra (lopsided) highlights, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models. The detail of how kinesin engines move isn't notable or seen, so we can't see how limping could identify with the structure of the movement, yet there are a few proposals dependent on the unbalanced hand-over-hand component. Limping could be brought about by misalignment of the tail loops, which means the necks would be various lengths, subsequently the head with a shorter neck would require additional opportunity to locate the following restricting site utilizing a diffusional search and by and large easing back the energy. Another alternative is that there could be finished or under-twisting of the loops from hand-over-hand movement, causing torsional asymmetry. The vitality required to curl or uncoil the tail would be diminished, changing the harmony and the rate with which the head pushes ahead. While there is no prompt clarification for the impact whereby the shorter stalks bring about longer moderate venturing times, it might be fused into later examinations with further presumptions. In any case, these tests have indicated that more methodologies are required for single-atom trials to address these inquiries. Regardless of the specific component not being known, the analyses do show that the kinesin engines limp, and making the hilter kilter hand-over-hand instrument the most probable. For what reason is this Significant? This is an achievement in the field, as more detail can

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Analytic geometry Essay Example

Logical geometry Essay There is a checkbox at the base of the test structure that you MUST check preceding presenting this test. Inability to do so may make your work be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) What is the proportion of the third point? 30. 5 55 35 149. 5 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) What are two characteristics that make a symmetrical triangle remarkable? Three consistent sides and three compatible edges Three noncongruent sides and three harmonious points Three noncongruent sides and two harmonious edges Two harmonious sides and three noncongruent edges Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) What is the estimation of G? 37 14 83 97 Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) A triangle has the accompanying estimations. What is a potential length for the third side? GH = 19, HJ = 8, JG = ? 17 27 6 11 Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) What is the most precise name for the triangle? right intense isosceles harsh scalene symmetrical Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) Which triangle consistently has in any event two compatible sides? uncaring equiangular right intense scalene isosceles Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) What is the m? ADC? 57. 5 65 115 90 Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) If m? BDC = 125, what is the m? ABD? 70 55 115 60 NOT SURE IF YOU CAN DO THIS ONE. On the off chance that YOU CAN TRY. I HVE NO UNDERSTANDING OF THE BELOW. 1. Draw a line section and duplicate it to one side of the first fragment. Clarify your means and legitimize each progression utilized. 2. Divide the first line section from issue one. 3. Draw a point and duplicate it to one side of the first edge. Clarify your means and legitimize each progression utilized. 4. Cut up the first point from issue three. 05. 04 Coordinate Geometry We will compose a custom exposition test on Analytic geometry explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Analytic geometry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Analytic geometry explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Cautioning: There is a checkbox at the base of the test structure that you MUST check before presenting this test. Inability to do so may make your work be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) (05. 04) The accompanying arrangement of directions speaks to which figure? (- 5, 3), (- 2, 5), (2, 4), (- 4, 0) kite parallelogram square shape trapezoid Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) (05. 04) If quadrilateral JKLM is a kite, what is the arranged pair of its missing vertex? (- 2, - 1) (- 2, 2) (- 4, - 1) (- 4, 2) Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) 05. 04) If quadrilateral FGHI is an isosceles trapezoid, what is the arranged pair of its missing vertex? (10, 4) (7, 4) (8, 4) (11, 4) Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) (05. 04) If quadrilateral BDMZ is a rhombus, which of the accompanying arranged sets could be a vertex? (1, - 1) (2, 3) (1, 3) (2, 2) Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) (05. 04) Quadrilateral ABCD has facilitat es (3, 5), (5, 2), (8, 4), (6, 7). Quadrilateral ABCD is a square shape since its length is units, its width is units, and nearby sides are opposite trapezoid since it has just one sets of equal sides quare in light of the fact that its length and width are the two units and neighboring sides are opposite rhombus since its length and width are the two units and contiguous sides are not opposite Bottom of Form 06. 02 Translations and Reflections Warning: There is a checkbox at the base of the test structure that you MUST check preceding presenting this test. Inability to do so may make your work be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Pentagon PQRST and its appearance, pentagon PQRST, are appeared in the arrange plane beneath. What is the line of reflection between pentagons PQRST and PQRST? y = x y = 0 x = 1 x = 0 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Pentagon ABCDE and pentagon ABCDE are appeared on the facilitate plane beneath. Which two changes are applied to pentagon ABCDE to make ABCDE? made an interpretation of as indicated by the standard (x, y) (x + 7, y + 1) and reflected over the x-pivot made an interpretation of as indicated by the standard (x, y) (x + 1, y + 7) and reflected over the hub made an interpretation of as indicated by the standard (x, y) (x + 7, y + 1) and reflected over the y-hub made an interpretation of as per the ule (x, y) (x + 1, y + 7) and reflected over the y-hub Question 3 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 2 focuses) Trapezoid TUVW is appeared on the facilitate plane beneath. On the off chance that trapezoid TUVW speaks to trapezoid TUVW reflected over the y-pivot, the arranged pair of W is ___________. (Note: You should incorporate enclosures and a comma when composing the a rranged pair. ) Answer for Blank 1: Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Quadrilateral LMNO is appeared on the arrange plane underneath. In the event that quadrilateral LMNO speaks to the impression of quadrilateral LMNO over the line y = x, which point is at the arranged pair (3, 2)? N O M L Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Triangle XYZ is appeared on the facilitate plane beneath. In the event that triangle XYZ is reflected over the line y = 1 to make triangle XYZ, what is the arranged pair of X? (- 4, 5) (- 2, 5) (4, - 3) (4, - 5) Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Triangle ABC is interpreted on the arrange plane underneath to make triangle ABC. On the off chance that parallelogram EFGH is made an interpretation of as indicated by a similar standard that deciphered triangle ABC, what is the arranged pair of point H? (- 3, - 3) (4, 9) (7, 6) (0, - 5) Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Hexagon DEFGHI is interpreted on the organize plane beneath to make hexagon DEFGHI. Which rule speaks to the interpretation of hexagon DEFGHI to hexagon DEFGHI? (x, y)(x 9, y 3) (x, y)(x 3, y 9) (x, y)(x + 3, y + 3) (x, y)(x + 9, y + 9) Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Trapezoid JKLM is appeared on the arrange plane beneath. On the off chance that trapezoid JKLM is made an interpretation of as per the standard (x, y) (x + 2, y †6), what are the directions of point L? (1, - 4) (- 4, - 1) (- 7, 4) (0, 7) Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) A city framework of Anytown, USA is appeared on the network beneath. The local group of fire-fighters is spoken to by quadrilateral RSTU. Another local group of fire-fighters is opening in an alternate piece of the city to amplify fire insurance. The size of the new offices property must be compatible to the more seasoned office. Vertices An and B are plotted on the framework to speak to two vertices of the new local group of fire-fighters quadrilateral ABCD. What could be the arranged sets speaking to vertices C and D of quadrilateral ABCD with the goal that the new local group of fire-fighters is consistent to the old local group of fire-fighters? C(1, 1), D(4, 1) C(1, 6), D(4, 6) C(1, 2), D(4, 2) C(1, 4), D(4, 4) Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) Jared is flying a kite in the recreation center. It is reflected in the outside of a close by lake. Jareds kite, named JKLM, is diagramed on the organize plane underneath. On the off chance that kite JKLM speaks to the impression of kite JKLM over the x-pivot, what is the arranged pair of point J? (- 5, - 2) (5, 7) (- 5, - 7) (7, - 5) Bottom of Form 06. 04 Rotations Warning: There is a checkbox at the base of the test structure that you MUST check preceding presenting this test. Inability to do so may make your work be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) Pentagon ABCDE is appeared on the organize plane beneath. On the off chance that pentagon ABCDE is turned 180â ° around the birthplace to make pentagon A’B’C’D’E’, what is the arranged pair of point D’? (- 1, 2) (2, 1) (1, - 2) (- 2, - 1) Question 2 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 3 focuses) Use the figure appeared beneath to respond to the inquiry that follows. What is the request for turn of this figure? Numerical Answers Expected! Answer for Blank 1: Question 3 (Fill-In-The-Blank Worth 3 focuses) What is the point of pivot for an ordinary octagon? Note: Be certain to compose the word degrees, rather than the image. ) Answer for Blank 1: Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) what number complete lines of balance might be found in the picture beneath? 16 8 12 4 Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) Parallelogram JKLM is appeared on the organize plane underneath. In the event th at parallelogram JKLM is pivoted 270â ° clockwise around the inception, what are the directions of the endpoints of the side consistent to side KL in the picture parallelogram? K’(- 4, - 6); L’(3, - 3) K’(- 6, - 4); L’(- 3, - 3) K’(6, 4); L’(3, 3) K’(- 4, 6); L’(- 3, - 3) Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 3 focuses) Triangles DEF and D’E’F’ are appeared on the facilitate plane underneath. What pivot was applied to triangle DEF to make triangle D’E’F’? nothing unless there are other options 90â ° counterclockwise 180â ° 90â ° clockwise Bottom of Form THIS IS ANOTHER ONE. NOT SURE IF YOU ARE ABLE TO MAKE THESE LINES OR COME CLOSE. AGAIN THIS IS FOR A HIGH SCHOOLER SO IT DOESN’T HAVE TO BE PERFECT. Since you realize how to develop, its opportunity to make your own developments. Complete the assignments underneath. 1. Utilizing a compass and straightedge, build equal lines. 2. Develop equal lines utilizing GeoGebra or another development program. . Utilizing a compass and straightedge, develop opposite lines. 4. Develop opposite lines utilizing GeoGebra or another development program. 07. 03 Lateral and Surface Area Warning: There is a checkbox at the base of the test structure that you MUST check preceding presenting this test. Inability to do so may make your work be lost. - Top of Form Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 focuses) What is the sidelong territory of a rectangular crystal if the base edges are 6 meters and 4 meters and the tallness is 7 meters? 140 m2 4 m2 24 m2 122 m2 Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 4 focuses) The tallness of a symmetrical rectangular crystal increments by four units. The new horizontal zone is more than the first by what amount? four more than the p

Friday, August 21, 2020

Lobby 7

Lobby 7 Here’s a little tribute to lobby 7. Since my start at MIT in January, I’ve walked through this lobby nearly every weekday to get to my office just a few feet down the infinite corridor. I enter with my morning coffee cup in hand, along with a horde of students and tourists, and I climb the iconic front steps and glance up at William Barton Rogers’ name â€" MIT’s founder â€" chiseled high up in the building’s façade. It’s a magnificent lobby all on its own, but even better for the kind of things that happen in this lobby every week. I’ve walked through in the morning and smiled at the many, many tourists with cameras taking pictures in front of the seal. I’ve stopped to watch the practice sessions of more than one student dance troupe  late at night.  I’ve heard the chancellor speak, seen the president dance, witnessed a hack, listened to a group of students jamming with guitars, passed by the MIT marching band, and gawked at a huge constructed green bug-like thing on stilts during CPW. Almost anything goes in this open, inclusive, majestic lobby. And today at 5:30, I’m going to find reasons to miss my train home and linger in the lobby just so I can hear the Ascoli Ensemble, MITs latest artist group in residence performing a free community concert of medieval music. Gotta love Lobby 7

Sunday, May 24, 2020

A Fossil Free California Really - 1600 Words

A Fossil Free California†¦ Maybe Dr. Dan Jacobson a Professor at Stanford University has presented what he calls a â€Å"roadmap† to getting California to be run completely on renewable sources of energy by 2050. No â€Å"clean coal†, no natural gas, no nuclear, no biofuels, and no new hydroelectric. The golden state would be powered by wind, water, solar, geothermal, among a few others. And although i would love nothing more than to see california running completely on renewables by 2050. I think a transition completely off of fossil fuels cannot happen soon enough. Fossil fuels are toxic, hazardous to transport, disastrous to dig out of the ground and contribute to an accelerated warming of the planet. Jacobson notes that his map will create over 200,000 net 40 year jobs, reduce mortalities associated with air quality, and significantly cut worldwide carbon dioxide emissions. I do not disagree with any of these facts, becoming completely fossil fuel independent will lead to better health for ourselves, the earth, and the economy. think Dr. Jacobson makes some vital errors in neglecting to mention the much needed energy paradigm shift and in not addressing the issues associated with production of the renewable energy components. California is projected to use 280 GigaWatts of power by 2050 and see a population increase of thirty-five percent. 280 GW’s is a lot of power, currently all of the wind turbines in the world combined are capable of producing just under 300 GW’sShow MoreRelatedNuclear Energy For A Green Earth1164 Words   |  5 PagesNuclear Energy for a Green Earth Today the U.S. is still enormously dependent on fossil fuels despite the numerous advancements in alternative power sources (Solar panels, wind turbines, etc.). Fossil fuel based energy (our main energy source) is not only expensive, but it also leaves a gigantic impact on the environment. 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Thursday, May 14, 2020

Essay on Popular Mechanics Analysis The Need for Good...

In many ways, communication is important in resolving problems, strengthening relationships, helping others, becoming proactive, and much much more. Raymond Carvers novel Popular Mechanics illustrates the intense need for good communication. The story starts out with the couple fighting and the wife kicking her husband out of the house. She is being rude and aggressive and is not using proper communication, trying to cover the fact that deep inside she truly doesnt want him to leave. Then, the husband gets upset for the way he is getting treated by the wife and starts to get aggressive yelling that he was going to take their new born baby with him. She, being frightened and scared of his impulsion, runs into the kitchen trying to find†¦show more content†¦I stand by my opinion for this simple reason. the way that the couple talk to each other, they are almost competing over who is more in control. I want the baby He said. Are you crazy?. This shows that on the surface, the husband is getting upset and needs to show his manliness by taking control of the situation and of the relationship. Thus concluding the poor relationship When the father is being treated disrespectfully by his wife, he feels emasculated and/or feeling treted unfairly from the wife not treating him with respect and giving the father the picture of the baby, so becoming angry he decided he wanted the baby instead of the picture. Though people may dis-agree with my reasoning, everyone can agree that with poor communication, bad or un-needed situation will become much more frequent. This is why I stand strong next to my position stating that thhe theme of the short story Popular Mechanics By Raymond Carver is that in certain situations, proper communication and resolution tactics are extremely important; and without them, unfortunate things will happen. 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The Behavior and Communication approaches are based on structureRead MoreAutonomous Vehicles and Software Architectures Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesif there is a computational fault that causes a crash, would the driver or the software-making firm be at fault? Not only this, but vehicle safety standards would have to be assessed and potentially rewritten to account for electronics as well as mechanics — and knowing how governments work, this could take a while. 2.) No system is faultless, and everything has a chance of failure. But if a computer system fails when you’re on the highway, not only could it prove more dangerous than usual —Read MoreCritical Analysis Of Cranium And Substance Abuse-2673 Words   |  11 PagesCritical Analysis Cranium and Substance Abuse- This paper examined the age groups for learning and playing the board games as about 13 or more. This was an important finding as the age group in which children are keen to learn and can adapt to the teachings needs to match with the age of playing these board games. This comes out to 13 and above. Cranium has been identified for adults by the Hasbro website how Boardgaming.com recognizes it for kids 13 and above. Now, substance abuse as well all knowRead MoreJntuk 2-1 and 2-2 Mech Syllabus R105047 Words   |  21 Pages I SEMESTER Engineering Mechanics Fluid Mechanics Hydraulic Machinery Thermodynamics Managerial Economics Financial Analysis Electrical Electronics Engineering Computer aided Engineering Drawing lab Electrical Electronics Engg. Lab Fluid Mechanics Hydraulic Machinery Lab English Communication Practice P 4 4 4 4 4 6 3 3 2 II YEAR C II SEMESTER 4 1 Kinematics of Machinery 4 2 Thermal Engineering -I 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Production Technology Mechanics of Solids Metallurgy MaterialsRead MoreApplication For A Software Engineer For My Career1771 Words   |  8 Pagestime. Another is that it pays well. The job fits my interests in math and science very well. I would also be good at the problem solving that I will have to do. I also have a lot of background knowledge in programming anyway which would be a good start. When programming began the programmers didn t even interact with the computers directly. Instead the would take them by hand to a mechanic which would batch test many at a time. The first widely used language was fortran made by IBM for math andRead MoreChris Pawling2932 Words   |  12 PagesIntroduction: Popular Fition: Ideology or Utopia? Christopher Pawling Popular Fiction and Literary criticism * Despite the growth of interest in popular fiction, it has been difficult to introduce courses on them in college and university syllabi because it is still not considered as mainstream literature, just a minor or peripheral genre. * The self-definition of English literature depends heavily on what is absent from its field- its significant other- popular literature or paraliteratureRead MoreCommunication Studies Syllabus- Caribbean Students12029 Words   |  49 PagesLANGUAGE AND COMMUNITY 11 MODULE 3: SPEAKING AND WRITING 20 OUTLINE OF ASSESSMENT 25 REGULATIONS FOR PRIVATE CANDIDATES 36 REGULATIONS FOR RE-SIT CANDIDATES 36 ASSESSMENT GRID 37 GLOSSARY 38 GLOSSARY OF BEHAVIOURAL VERBS USED IN THE COMMUNICATION STUDIES EXAMINATIONS 42 Introduction T he Caribbean Advanced Proficiency Examination (CAPE) is designed to provide certification of the academic, vocational and technical achievement of students in the Caribbean who, having

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Sustainability and environmental accounting Example

Essays on Sustainability and environmental accounting Essay Outline potential sources of information that superannuation funds could use to gather data about a company’s sustainability operations. Potential sources of information about sustainability of companies’ operations Information used by superannuation or pension funds may be classified as published reports by companies, completed studies or advisories contracted from third-party information providers, or primary and secondary data gathered by the fund’s staff for in-house analysis where the information is assessed. 1. Company issuances Corporate social responsibility (CSR), good governance, and environment sustainability compliance reports published and released by the companies themselves. These are in the form of firm-issued, general purpose non-financial reports prepared for the benefit of shareholders, stakeholders, and the public in general, either as standalone or integrated reports to comply with mandatory regulations (Godfrey, et al. 2010). The quality of corporate reporting may be hampered by practices considered deficient to satisfy the information needs of different readers, including superannuation funds (Rankin, et al., 2012). 2. Studies and advisories provided by external information providers Superannuation/pension funds rely on external sources of information because: Judging sustainability issues deserve attention in each sector requires specialised knowledge and broader information which the fund’s staff members do not have and could not acquire (or could acquire only at great expense); and For most funds, sustainability is only a secondary criterion or supplementary topic, the main criterion being the ability of the firm to generate consistent returns (Kasemir SÃ ¼ess, 2002, p. 21). 2.1. External providers of sustainability investment services Superannuation or pension funds which include sustainability criteria in its choice of portfolio tend to rely on external providers of sustainability investment services. Such services are known as ‘sustainability contractors’ and offer portfolios or corporations rated to have a ‘good sustainability record’ (Kasemir SÃ ¼ess, 2002, p. 20). In this case, the investment process is delegated to the investment service provider, also relying on their expertise. 2.2. External agencies assessing environmental and social reports by corporations 2.2.1. Agencies provide support to funds through reports analysing all major corporations categorized by factors (Kasemir SÃ ¼ess, 2002, p. 20). The fund retains the prerogative of deciding which corporations to invest in depending on the factors it has chosen. 2.2.2. Commercial research companies provide information to funds concerning the sustainability performance of companies grouped according to industries and rate them according to a set of criteria, ranking or rating the companies against each other (Super Ratings, 2012). 2.3. Non-commercial providers of sustainability information 2.3.1. Such sources as non-governmental organisations (NGOs) provide information for decision-makers of funds on a for free. Such information may be somewhat general in character with qualitative analysis and quantitative data per company (Jackson, 2006). 2.3.2. Academic sustainability assessments are seldom used, and when they are they are used only as supplementary information, because they are usually indepth and require a great amount of time to read (Kasemir SÃ ¼ess, 2002, p. 21). 3. Information sources for internal/ in-house assessment Some funds prefer to conduct their activities in-house with primary research, because: Mixing analysis from several outside sources may have applied different paradigms or models and would therefore be incompatible or incomparable, creating confusion; Even though the firm may be buying third-party information, internal staff must have a feel of the data and processes which the information service provides. 3.1. Surveys conducted by distributing questionnaires to companies about their environmental policies. 3.2. Company visits and interviews with company officers or managers on the firm’s sustainability practices and policies (Kasemir SÃ ¼ess, 2002, p. 21). References Association for Sustainability in Business 2012 Official website. Retrieved 6 November 2012 from http://sustainabilitybusiness.com.au/index.php/downloads-a-links Godfrey, J; Hodgson, A; Tarca, A; Hamilton, J; Holmes, S 2010 Accounting Theory 7th Edition. John Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ Ioannou, I Serafeim, G 2012 ‘The Consequences of Mandatory Corporate Sustainability Reporting.’ Harvard Business School. October 26. Retrieved 6 November 2012 from http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/download.aspx?name=11-100.pdf Jackson, W 2006 Study probes "carbon footprint" of UK funds, Fund Strategy, p. 10, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 6 November 2012. Kasemir B SÃ ¼ess, A 2002 ‘Sustainability Information and Pension Fund Investment’ Global Environmental Assessment Project. Belfer Center for Science International Affairs, Harvard University. Rankin, M; Stanton, P; McGowan, S; Ferlauto, K; Tilling, M. 2012 Contemporary Issues in Accounting. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd. Super Ratings 2012 Official website. Retrieved 6 November 2012 from http://www.superatings.com.au Trucost plc 2008 ‘Carbon Counts 2008: The Carbon Footprints of Australian Superannuation Investment Managers’. Retrieved 6 November 2012 from http://www.aist.asn.au/media/2249/aist_2008_research_trucostreport.pdf Trucost plc 2011 ‘Carbon Counts: The Carbon Footprints of Australian Superannuation Investment Managers’. Retrieved 6 November 2012 from http://www.aist.asn.au/media/95963/trucost_report_final_06_09.pdf

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Pro Euthanasia Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Pro Euthanasia Essay Conclusion An eighty-seven year old grandmother on a respirator, anewborn child with AIDS, and a father in a coma; all put to deathby respectable doctors with the O.K. of their families. But isit really 3O.K.? Euthanasia, or doctor-assisted suicide, hasbecome as common as jumping off of a fifteen story building ortaking a gun to one1s own head. Certainly society frowns uponsuicide, but yet putting an old lady or a man in a coma to deathis being accepted every day. Society knows that suicide is bad,but euthanasia is even worse. The guilt and blame of a lost lifeis falling on the hands of doctor1s that we are supposed totrust, and even worse, the family members themselves. A doctoris to be known as a healer, not an agent of death. A family issupposed to love and support, not kill and inherit. Every personmakes the light of the world brighter. The world needseveryone1s power and contribution. It1s the power and energy ofthe elderly, and the strength and will of the ill, that give theworld life. Th e light has become very dim with the crime andcorruption in today1s world, we can1t afford to throw lives awaybecause some think they1re meaningless. If we continue to acceptthe merciless killings and suicides of the helpless but powerful,the light will soon burn out. There will be no energy in theworld. Euthanasia and doctor-assisted suicide should not beaccepted or allowed by the government and people of the UnitedStates. Statistics show that seventy-three percent of the U.S. population approved of some form of euthanasia. This is usedconstantly in debates to pass laws for making euthanasia legal. But the people are deceived by this number. When the poll wastaken, the people were asked if they approved of some form ofeuthanasia. There are two forms of euthanasia, active andpassive. It is the passive euthanasia that many people areaccepting, the less harsh of the two. Thats why peoplegenerally say they approve of it. If a separate question wasasked or the people were informed of the difference, we wouldfind that only thirty-eight percent of the population approves ofactive suicide, as used by Kavorkian. So the fact that peopleapprove of euthanasia is irrelevant because only thirty-eightpercent would actually pass a law if they knew that Kavorkian1smethods would be allowed. However, it is said that passive euthanasia, suicide by theremoval of life support, is a long-time practice for hospitalizedpatients. But does this make it O.K?I should think not. Manythings have been accepted and practiced in the world, and many ofthem have become illegal. Not too long ago a teenager coulddrink whenever he wanted. Now we have laws to regulate thedrinking age. This is the same type of thing, something terriblehas going on for too long now. We need to put a stop to thekillings with a law. Just because something has been allowed andoccurring for a long time doesn1t mean that it1s O.K. Also,there is the issue of living wills. A living will is a documentthat protects the right of choice in end of life matters forpatients. And not everyone has a living will when they becomeill even though they don1t want to live through the agony andpain. They just don1t think to make one or plan on being ill andincompetent. But with or without a living will, it1s just notright to end a l ife, even if it1s one1s own. Many think thatthey should be able to decide on their own, but what about theirfamilies. The family will spend the rest of their liveswondering in agony and pain about whether or not a cure wouldhave been found or if the patient would have made it outof the coma. It wouldn1t be right to spread the pain by addingto the fire.But some say, 3Why waste the money and extend thepain and agony by keeping someone on a machine? We need to lookat life in a more positive way. We need to weigh the mattersevenly. What1s more important, the life of a family member ortrying to save money and pain. Clearly it is the life, nothingis more important than that. Approximately one billion dollarsis spent on life support patients annually. But the cost ofkeeping people alive is irrelevant if there is a chance thatthey may be cured or come out of a coma. Agriculture EssaySecondly, just because something is considered to be sinful bythe Bible or in any other religion, doesn1t mean it should be acrime. We live in a democracy where the people, of allreligions, make the laws. They shouldnt be based on anyreligion or religious book. But we1re not talking about the sinof suicide, where talking about euthanasia. Euthanasia isassisted suicide, but isn1t that just a nice name for homicide. Suicide is killing oneself, but how can you assist yourself. Theassistant is another person who is guilty of conspiracy to commitmurder. Laws are already passed against murder. When someonetakes part in euthanasia they1re not going to be on trial forattempted suicide because they weren1t trying to kill themselves,they were taking the life of another. It1s murder and there1s noother way to look at it. Next is the belief that activeeuthanasia should be tolerated in order to save agony and painfor both the family and patient. No one should have to gothrough so much agony over a long period of time. Many think that it1s torture not to help dying patients. Kavorkian accused opposing physicians of being Nazi doctors whotorture and experiment with the poor and unfortunate. However,what is the agony andpain? It is the agony and pain of deathand it has to be faced either way, but it shouldnt be because ofa suicide. We should face the pain and agony with strength anddetermination. The patients need to be determined to hang onand fight for cures. It1s not torture to keep someone alive inhopes of a cure. And if a patient is that ill, then they aren1treally going through that much physical pain, it1s the mental andemotional states of patients that need to be secured. That1s thereason many turn to suicide, they are unhappy with their livesso they begin to decline mentally and emotionally. And as far asexperimenting goes, no experimental drug or procedure is forcedupon any patient, including the elderly and incompetent. Andwhat do they have to lose anyway? Most dont mind usingexperimental drugs because it just may be the cure they1relooking for. There is nothing Nazi about testing drugs andcures in hopes of saving a life. There is no torture or directresult of death. So, in actuality there is no physical agony orpain saved in euthanasia because thats not what the patients aregoing through. It just shortens the mental and physical painthat can be helped in other ways than death. Either way, suicideis no answer to pain.

Sunday, April 5, 2020

Pacific War Essays - Pacific Ocean Theatre Of World War II, Japan

Pacific War Pacific War World War II was fought across more land and involved more men than any other war in the history of human civilization. Never before or since has there been a war of such vast importance and of such a large scale. The United States had an absolutely crucial role in the outcome of this war. The U.S. was faced with the colossal challenge of waging two wars at the same time on two very different parts of the planet. The European front was, of course, the more obvious of the two considering the undeniable atrocities and evils that were being committed by Adolf Hitler. Involvement on the European front was inevitable and, generally more accessible for U.S. forces. Less than thirty years before, the United States had fought in Europe, so we were familiar with the terrain and appropriate strategy. However, the Pacific Campaign of World War II presented a unique challenge for United States Armed Forces. Never before had we fought in the South Pacific or even on terrain that resembled that of the Pacific islands. With the Army heavily involved in Europe, in December of 1941 the United States were forced into a war that it was not familiar with nor knew how to fight. Luckily, however, for the U.S., the Marine Corps were the perfect outfit for the kind of fighting need in the Pacific Campaign. Because of their training in land to sea combat, the Marines were uniquely prepared for the war that faced them, whereas, the Army could never have successfully waged war in the Pacific. Without the Marine Corps fighting in the Pacific, the whole war against Japan would not have succeeded. From 1939-1941, at the dawn of Adolf Hitler's war machine in Europe, the United States seemed above the rest of the world. Separated by the vast Atlantic Ocean, the U.S. enjoyed an incredible amount of security. We were almost entirely untouchable from the flames of war rapidly growing in Europe, and the majority of American citizens were happy to not be involved. To them, the European conflict was too far away to have any direct or meaningful impact on their lives. In fact, public opinion did not think that it was even necessary to enter the war at all. However, Roosevelt saw otherwise. He knew that a war in Europe could very well mean a war in the States. Only thirty years before, in World War I, the same kind situation had evolved into the "war to end all wars", where the United States had played a key role. So, Roosevelt desperately wanted and needed to change the minds of nearly the nearly the entire American public; this task presented an almost impossible challenge. With war beginning to be fought in Europe, England was in dire need of any aid they could receive. At the beginning, this aid came in the form of supplies furnished by the United States. Ammunition, food, clothing, and weapons of all kinds were being shipped over to Europe and creating incredible wealth for the American government. Entering the war meant losing a very profitable trade with the desperate allies in Europe. Luckily for England and for Roosevelt, the United States were soon presented with an undeniable reason for entering the war. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. This act of aggression towards America, provided for a perfect entrance into the war, and now the people of America were incited enough to back a full-scale war against Hitler and Japan. However, one huge problem still existed, and that was the problem of a two front war. Many were frightened that the U.S. had taken on a task that was a bit too much for the nation to handle. The Army was the perfect force for fighting the war in Europe. They were trained for the land combat they would face, and had knowledge of the land from World War I. In addition, the Army was already on the move to Europe, so splitting the Army into two different forces for Europe and the South Pacific was out of the question. The only option that the U.S. government had for waging war against Japan was the Marine Corps. Marine units had been stationed in the South Pacific in Australia and Samoa. They only needed to be reinforced. Especially convenient for the United States was the fact that the Marine Corps was perfectly suited for the kind of warfare that would be faced against Japan. Marines are trained specifically for land to sea and sea to land operations. In

Sunday, March 8, 2020

Understanding the Glow of Noctilucent Clouds

Understanding the Glow of Noctilucent Clouds Each summer, people who live at high latitudes north and south of the equator are treated to a fantastically beautiful phenomenon called noctilucent clouds. These arent clouds in the normal way we understand them. The clouds were more familiar with are generally made of water droplets that have formed around particles of dust. Noctilucent clouds are generally made of ice crystals that formed around tiny dust particles in fairly cold temperatures. Unlike most clouds that float fairly close to the ground, they exist at heights up to 85 kilometers above the surface of our planet, high in the atmosphere that sustains life on Earth. They may look like thin cirrus that we can see throughout the day or night but are generally only visible when the Sun is no more than 16 degrees below the horizon. Clouds of the Night The term noctilucent means night-shining and it describes these clouds perfectly. They cant be seen during the day due to the brightness of the Sun. However, once the Sun sets, it illuminates these high-flying clouds from below. This explains why they can be seen in deep twilight. They typically have a bluish-white color and look very wispy. The History of Noctilucent Cloud Research Noctilucent clouds were first reported in 1885 and are sometimes linked with the eruption of the famous volcano, Krakatoa in 1883. However, its not clear that the eruption caused them - theres no scientific evidence to prove it one way or another. Their appearance may simply be coincidental. The idea that volcanic eruptions cause these clouds was heavily researched and eventually disproved in the 1920s. Since then, atmospheric scientists have studied noctilucent clouds using balloons, sounding rockets, and satellites. They seem to occur pretty frequently and are quite beautiful to observe. How Do Noctilucent Clouds Form? The ice particles that make up these shimmering clouds are quite small, only about 100 nm across. That many times smaller than the width of a human hair. They form when tiny particles of dust- possibly from bits of micro-meteors in the upper atmosphere- are coated with water vapor and frozen high in the atmosphere, in a region called the mesosphere. During local summer, that region of the atmosphere can be quite cold, and the crystals form at about -100 ° C. Noctilucent cloud formation seems to vary as the solar cycle does. In particular, as the Sun emits more ultraviolet radiation, it interacts with water molecules in the upper atmosphere and breaks them apart. That leaves less water to form the clouds during times of increased activity. Solar physicists and atmospheric scientists are tracking solar activity and noctilucent cloud formation to better understand the connection between the two phenomena. In particular, they are interested in learning why changes in these peculiar clouds dont show up until about a year after UV levels change. Interestingly, when NASAs space shuttles were flying, their exhaust plumes (which were nearly all water vapor) froze high in the atmosphere and created very short-lived mini noctilucent clouds. The same thing has happened with other launch vehicles since the shuttle era. However, launches are few and far between. The phenomenon of noctilucent clouds predates launches and aircraft. However, the short-lived noctilucent clouds from launch activities provide more data points about the atmospheric conditions that help them form. Noctilucent Clouds and Climate Change There may be a connection between the frequent formation of noctilucent clouds and climate change. NASA and other space agencies have been studying Earth for many decades and observing  the effects of global warming. However, the evidence is still being gathered, and the link between the clouds and warming remains a relatively controversial suggestion. Scientists are following up on all the evidence to see if there is a definite link. One possible theory is that methane (a greenhouse gas implicated in climate change) migrates to the area of the atmosphere where these clouds form. Greenhouse gases are thought to force temperature changes in the mesosphere, causing it to cool down. That cooling would contribute to the formation of ice crystals that make up the noctilucent clouds. An increase in water vapor (also due to human activities that produce greenhouse gases) would be part of the noctilucent cloud connection to climate change. Much work needs to be done to prove these connecti ons. Regardless of how these clouds form, they remain a favorite of sky watchers, particularly sunset-gazers and amateur observers. Just as some people chase eclipses or remain out late at night to see meteor showers, there are many who live in the high northern and southern latitudes and actively seek out the sight of noctilucent clouds. Theres no doubt of their magnificent beauty, but they are also an indicator of activities in our planets atmosphere.

Friday, February 21, 2020

Creative narration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative narration - Essay Example As good practice, all people that were coming had to queue in order to create and maintain order since the doctor did not have many aides; in fact, most of the people have health challenges that would not have required the doctor to have a nurse or anther aide. When I arrived at the hospital, I found people calmly settled and having their health needs being attended to. Mr. Williamson winked when he saw me because we were great friends; I also worked in the same hospital but in a different department. Then as the process was smoothly taking place, something happened that disrupted the doctor. A small boy came running and shouting for the doctor’s attention, other people had tried to urge her to calm down first before raising her sentiments. However, the boy seemed to be in a much hurry and went on to shout for the attention of Mr. Williamson. Mr. Williamson was always known to be an arrogant doctor especially to people that he thought were below her in terms of experience or on other careers. This ego made him shout back at the boy, urging him to make the queue and wait for is turn like any other people. My efforts to have the doctor give the boy a minute because he may have wanted to communicate an emergency issue of concern. Persistent efforts of the people on the queue to make the boy explain his concerns bore not fruit because the boy insisted that he wanted to speak to Michael’s Father, who was Mr. Williamson. Soon, the people on the queue were attended to; it was now the boy’s turn to have his issue addressed. I moved closer to listen to the boy’s concern because by this time, he was almost sobbing, with tears rolling down her chicks. The boy explained that the crocodile in the river that flowed behind the hospital had attacked Michael when they were playing and he had run to call for assistance from his father. The doctor was dumb-founded, lacking words to

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Doing Business in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Doing Business in China - Research Paper Example There is more than 1 billion population in China; one sixth of the world’s population lives in China itself (Colson, 2013). More than 56 ethnic groups are recognized in China and 90 percent of the population is Hans Chinese but the group also consists of other ethnic groups like Zhuang, Yi Miao, Uighar Manchu and Dhong (Colson, 2013). Like any other countries culture the cultural values of China has altered slightly due to the impact of globalization (Ward, Entrkin & Pearson, 2002).During the Chinese Cultural Revolution in the People’s Republic of China the orthodox Chinese Confucianism was heavily criticized on several grounds. After the Cultural Revolution there was a slight alteration in the Chinese value system and even culture dominated cities like Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong witnessed considerable amount of changes (Yau, 2007). The Chinese culture is largely influenced by the social interactions and interpersonal relationships between the individuals in the so ciety. The Chinese language is spoken by more than 85 percent of the population and is considered as one of the toughest language of the world. The language is also called Putonghua and is also claimed as the country’s national and official language (Kane, 2006). ... China: Individual or Collectivist? It is observed that the Chinese society is a highly collectivist culture where the interest of the team are given more importance than the priority of the individual. It is not necessary that in a family oriented business there would be preferential treatment towards the family members. The workers would prefer working on a holiday or a public holiday to meet the deadlines of the work. The commitment towards the organization is high than the employee interest and goals (Duel, 2012).The relationships of employees within the group are warm and cooperative while the relationship with other groups is hostile and cold. The Chinese employees believe in cooperating with each other for delivery of excellent performance (Pang, Roberts & Sutton, 1998). For example the MG6 was the first automobile designed by Shanghai Automotive Corporation in UK. The success of the car was totally contributed to the effective teamwork between the Chinese employees. If a weste rn organization wishes to collaborate with the Chinese department then they should lay emphasis on communicating the ideas and process to the Chinese employees with patience and clarity for successful performance (Xiaoming, 2011). China: High or Low Power Distance? The power distance lays emphasis on the impact of the influence of the culture within a society or an organization (SagePub, 2006). It is observed that the individuals working in the society and the employees working in the organization are not treated as equal. The Chinese Society maintains a rank system and follows the hierarchy stringently. The Chinese society believes that the inequalities prevalent in the society are

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Issues in Altering Historical Buildings

Issues in Altering Historical Buildings Interventions, the contemporary versus the historic, timeless or trend, sympathetic or callous? An investigation into the relationship between historic architecture and contemporary interventions, An insight into Britishness and the controversy of altering historical buildings. There are currently a lot of high profile builds which involve an old building gaining a new addition, an example being the plans for the Tate Modern art gallery extension, (FIG)which has been very controversial and created a split in opinions, but why? Is it due to the proposed structure being such a contrast to the existing ex-industrial palette of brick and masonry or is it due to people not liking the aesthetic of the new design, or is it something different all together. Why are these type of projects so controversial? What is it about the deliberate contrast of styles that separates traditionalists from modernist thinkers so strongly? Are these old buildings being utilised better with their new additions or is it simply a fad, which like Modernism will mean the buildings may be seen as useless or ineffective structures that will be demolished and replaced in a matter of decades. Understanding this theory better involves looking at why these buildings have had Contemporary additions added to the existing structure, whether they have been re purposed, saved from demolition, been given a new lease of life, or have simply been enlarged. Looking at specific examples will determine whether or not the additions have been successful or unsuccessful and whether the modification has truly been in the buildings best interests or is simply part of a trend which is just an architectural gimmick, which may or may not stand the test of time. The junction between historic and Contemporary materials is also an important factor of this merging of styles, for example the architect behind the Public Library in Landau, Germany, Lamott Architekten commented that the point of which the former outer wall has been perforated are rendered as wounds., Does the delicacy of the conjunction between materials effect negative outcry in relation to the historic building, does the new design have respect for the existing structure, whether or not there is any major displacement of any historic stone work, or any original features which are covered up or overshadowed by the new development. Are these additions part of the constant extension of buildings that has occurred for hundreds of years, or is there something about contemporary architecture that makes it different to styles of the past. Is it what some people see as the building organically changing and growing, or is this movement a reaction to the recent environmental stance to arch itectural design, and simply a way to reuse old building rather than demolishing them, and altering them to be more energy efficient. Is there need for a more restrictive or a more accepting approach to planning for these kind of projects, or do the restrictions mean that only the best designs are put forward, and if regulations were not in place would many historic buildings would be ruined by badly designed or poorly planned interventions or is there simply too much bureaucracy and petty regulations keeping progress to the bare minimum and standing in the way of landmark projects. Would it be better for a building to be transformed into a contemporary usable building, when the alternative is for it be left to degrade and to be forgotten. In concern with Britain in particular is the collective reservedness holding contemporary architecture and progress in the designed environment back? Will this phenomena ruin our historical buildings stock and confuse our countrys heritage, or is there a more positive impact on society that can be sought from well designed contemporary architecture. The use of the word statement plays a big part of this debate, is this movement solely about creating a statement piece of contemporary design just to make an impact, or will it prove to have more depth, and become something more permanent in the architectural world. Is the fact that projects such as the Reichtag and the Ontario museum even exist suggest that despite the controversy that there is an overall gradually changing opinion as to how historic buildings are modified. The contrast between a landmark and an iconic building, is great, can they ever be combined to create something timeless. Chapter 1: How did the idea of preservation in architecture come into being. How has the movement of adding to existing evolved over time. In the debate of which method is better conversion restoration or extension. The more sensible option of restoration, (to use historically accurate building methods and materials to create a mimic of the existing), can be seen as more sympathetic to the building. In a conversion of a medieval public library in Spain (FiG) it was commented that Through simple repair measures, carefully fitted to match the building, and only a few new additions, the atmosphere and splendour of the original building substance pervades (Cramer and Breitling 2007, p.33) To understand the idealism behind the preservation of old buildings, in particular in the United Kingdom, It must first be understood how and why the idea of buildings being protected came to pass. Phil Venning from the Society for the protection of ancient buildings explained that the beginning of historical building preservation stems from what the Victorians were doing Between 1840 to 1870 there was a huge process of restoring churches and cathedrals. Half or all medieval churches were restored and the problem was the nature of that restoration. Take St Alburns church, not one single stone from the original building was reused. It was a complete Victorian makeover, a complete invention that bore no relation to anything historical that existed before, so hundreds of years of genuine history were wiped away for the sake of something fantastical and completely unnecessary.(Venning 09) Historical buildings often have a long and complicated past, many things that happened within the b uilding are unknown, this mystery and wonder create a sort of affection for the historic, architectural or otherwise. There is a contradiction in feeling about historic things, Most peoples opinion of old artefacts is contradictory. For many the old often represents stagnation and decay. On the other hand, the old is also treated with a certain respect, recognising the fact that the ageing process involves survival in the face of difficulties. The very fact that something has been conserved can stimulate wonder and reflection. Perhaps it is the familiarity of old things that one values, and the experiences which have contributed to their survival over time. The traces of ageing can be perceived as a form of cultural identity.(Cramer, Breiltlig, 2007) Looking back on particular examples of buildings that were added to or restored in the past clearly shows why certain protection was needed to preserve historic buildings. Longleat house in Wiltshire is a very extreme example of how Victorian style additions could be unsympathetic to the original structure. Within Longleats interior are numerous hidden voids, where new additions and interior layout changes are fitted within the existing structure often leaving huge voids which can only be accessed through tiny service doors and are totally blocked off. One of the biggest voids in the building contains a beautiful clock face. It is still maintained, and is in perfect working order, but very few people ever see it, as in order to view the clock face an angled mirror and a torch are needed. This type of loss of history lead to the creation of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings in 1877. One of the main concerns of those opposed to this movement is the preservation of historical culture, not being a priority and how through these ultra modern additions it is being lost in order to create more of an universal style, with less emphasis on a specific culture as, due to technology and its effect on communication it is more international rather than national. Architects can now work with buildings thousands of miles away, and may have never personally visited the site in question, this fact alone, along with many other factors, including globalisation means that it is inevitable that some form of universal style is to develop. However, on the contrary to this it is seen that each building is developed based on its site, its context, including its past and historical value and its use, meaning that no two buildings could ever be developed in the exact same way.(quote) This means that utilising a universal style can never be a generic scenario as it was during the Modernist period. Historically new styles were developed through travel and exploration. The grand tour for example that took place during the 19th century involved English noblemen and architects exploring Europe, in order to be inspired by existing architecture and bring them back to Britain, hence the birth of the Renaissance style. The grand tourists were very destructive in their exploration, many chipping of details from the buildings to keep as mementos and carving their names in the walls of ancient temples. Renaissance architecture was formed through the misunderstandings and reinterpretations of Greek and Roman architecture. An example of this being that many grand homes in Britain were inspired by Greek and Roman temples. Temples were built for certain gods to seek shelter, so the interior was never meant to be seen by the average townspeople. Creating homes based on the design changes the concept behind the original form altogether. This is one of many examples of how the British reinterpr eted another cultures style of architecture to create a new style that is seen as quintessentially British. The idea of adding to existing in a current style has been occurring for centuries. Many precious buildings have been added to in different periods, for example Chillham Castle in Canterbury in which Major alterations were made in the late 18th century by Thomas Heron and his Wildman successors, in the 1860s by Charles Hardy and finally in the 1920s by Sir Edmund Davis.(Peters 08). This was before William Morris introduced laws to protect old buildings, and there was obviously not the same feeling of preciousness that is felt with concern of old buildings as there is today. Chillham castle is an excellent example of how the whole building was changed depending on the style that was in fashion, In 1775-76, Heron refitted the Jacobean house almost throughout in Georgian style.(Peters 08) This was not necessarily always the best for the building, however, In what has been termed an evil afterthought Brandon put a replacement oriel window over the front door, roughly resembling the origi nal but using his own heavy design. (Peters 08). In the 1920s Chillham castle was restored to its previous Jacobean state as much as possible, which while maybe benefiting the building in its layout and overall coherence, had erased hundreds of years of history. Thus the fenestration changes of the 18th and 19th centuries have been largely swept away, and the external elevations must look today substantially as they were originally in 1616 (Peters 08) This is a different approach to current renovation methods, in that in contemporary additions seek to enhance the historic, rather than replace the historic in order to achieve the illusion of a historic building. During the 60s the movement of altering the historic, became more familiar to what contemporary additions try to do today. Architects such as by Carlo Scarpa, Pierre Chareau and Ignazio Gardella, bridged the gap with innovative solution to reuse of old buildings, which is looked at further in Chapter 4. (need to bridge gap between these paragraphs) These ideas could be used with contemporary interventions where by instead of feeling frightened or intimidated by change of precious historic building stock the British should embrace this new trend, because if we do not then we will not develop a contemporary British style, and that is what frightens us most. Chapter 2: How does the collective British psyche affect projects trying to contrast old and new? Does the planning system have to change to keep the UK at the forefront of current design? As discussed in chapter 1, the introduction of restrictions in altering old buildings has changed the way in which they are preserved, and how architectural fashion affects the previous history. Planning laws can be restrictive in the renovation process. Many historical buildings are listed which mean that certain criteria concerning structural changes and material use have to be obeyed. It is difficult to determine whether or not these restrictions are not changing enough to keep up with current demands of modern living such as open plan spaces and environmental efficiency. It is interesting how the opinion about implementation of contemporary additions between planning authorities differ. In Alain De Bottons book The architecture of happiness and his accompanying television programme The perfect home not only does he give examples of projects that strived to create a addition, and fought a battle with planning laws over the idea of contemporary being more appropriate that mock or p astiche, but he also looks into why pastiche may be the preferred choice, not just by the planners but of Britains general public. Public opinion plays a big part in a buildings success. Does the publics opinion truly reflects the merits of the building and the design, or is the public view still tainted with a lack of distrust of Contemporary style design after the failings of the Modernist movement. Is it still the safe but pastiche option that the general public favours? Is the idea of fitting in still deep set into the minds of people as being the more acceptable and therefore the best option? In order to understand this ideal we must look to the modern housing stock. Pastiche has been able to run riot with the UKs housing. Mock Tudor and Elizabethan houses are everywhere, many are built by developers without even a consultation with an architect. These buildings are familiar, they are safe, they are seen to involve less risk. In this country in particular the conservative minds et appears to be holding back the contemporary in architecture but not in technology or communication or amenities, what does this say about how we feel about the spaces we occupy. Alain De Botton refers to Vilhelm Worringer a 20th Century philosopher that argued that people fell in love with specific types or styles of architecture because it contained or symbolised something that that person, or that persons society was lacking, hence Alain De Botton links this to the theory that pastiche fake Tudor and Georgian new build homes are favoured as a parallel to the ugly landscapes of factories and industrial units that a technologically advanced society produces. This could be seen as an underlying reason for the infusion of Historical and Contemporary architecture being so controversial, it evokes confusion with feeling of wanting to retreat to the past away from technology and advancement. The idea of the modern bringing the Historical into the new millennium may frighten people into a dislike for these projects. One paticular example Alain De Botton pick out is one that challenges this theory and suggests that individuals are now starting to realise the positi ve aspects of Contemporary architecture and how it can be more sympathetic to the genuine historic than make believe pastiche. Wakelins is a Tudor mansion that was refurbished and extended by James Gorst architects as a private home for James Gorst himself. The striking contemporary extension can be seen to have more in common to the original structure as it is also timber framed, where as a pastiche mock Tudor extension would be a masonry structure. James Gorst commented that styles can co-exist without conflict and that you can be respectful of the past but in your own era (Gorst 08) Another example Botton uses is a small subtle contemporary extension to a Georgian terraced house in East London (FIG). This extension was specifically designed by Henning Stummel architects to house toilet facilities on each floor of the house. The reasoning for this is to create a more accurate Edwardian layout. As the Edwardians did not have bathrooms one was created at a later date on the top floo r causing disruption to the flow of the house. The new extension allowed the flow of the house to be restored to the original. These two example defends the theory that A true homage rarely looks like one (Botton 08) that something can be historically sensitive with out aesthetically matching anything from the past. This extension could be seen as beneficial to the house by some, and beautiful with its timber panelling and block like windows, but it involved a long and arduous battle with the local planning committee, which in its entirety took two years, as the council favoured a mock Edwardian extension. This is contrasting evidence to opinions of the likes of Peter Vennning from the society for the protection of ancient buildings who would always rather something that is innovative and well designed that simply copying what was there already (Venning 09) This constant struggle with opinions of the council and planning with individuals creates a barrier between the success and th e compromise of contemporary additions to Historic buildings. This could suggest that there is a problem in this country about accepting contemporary architecture, however there is the issue that it is only in the residential sector that this is apparent. In the United Kingdom there are some award winning contemporary buildings, and they are common place for projects such as theatres, libraries and universities. People obviously appreciate their public and commercial buildings to be contemporary, and in custom built projects the building layout to best reflect its purpose. This theory is then reversed when we look at the modern British home, which only seeks to replicate the old. There is a British trait to be very proud of our homes, but it is questionable why this has manifested itself in such a way in this country and differently in most other countries. It is a view that British people take pride in their home, in particular with aspects such as DIY or do it yourself being seen as quintessentially British DIY is something of a national pastime on Bank Holidays in the UK (unknown, 09) This however is an aspect in itself that leads the public to believe that homes are a personal thing. This, in the past has lead to disagreements between architects and home owners, one example being Le Corbusier and the villa Savoye, and the client being told not to put curtains up as it would spoil the inside outside effect created by the curtain glass. This posed the problem of creating a compromise between good design and an aesthetically pleasing building, and tak ing into consideration client needs and the practical every day functioning of the building. All this evidence suggests that the gap between the public opinion and the architects opinion needs to be bridged. The planning department can be seen as the people to bridge the gap, however they seen to subconsciously be reinforcing the distrust the public have with contemporary design with the favour of pastiche and mock, rather than championing the projects that if built could start to change the publics perception of contemporary architecture. This outlines the main issue that if well designed contemporary projects are not built they will still be seen as the abnormal. It is already outlined that the British public find a sense of security in older style buildings as they are well known, vast in number and familiar. Therefore it seems that it is impossible to bridge this gap without upsetting the British public at some stage. The planning committee have the power to change the publics p erception however they are part of the British public in themselves and their preferences for mock can be seen as a reserved or scared move on their behalf. Architects have an understanding of how contemporary architecture works, and how it can be beneficial in a modern society. This could be seen to suggest that there must be a form of making the public aware of contemporary architecture and how it works, for this fear is based on a lack of understanding, or simply refusing to understand. The current debate on this issue is fore fronted by Prince Charles. In a very British manner he is opposing many architects work in defence of preservation of historical buildings in the UK. Prince Charles, Royal, although with no official authority for building regulations, has become the spokesperson for this debate. However his very traditional views have been controversial even to those who support the cause. Philosophically the princes claim to be the protector of tradition does not bear scrutiny. He recently resigned as patron of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) because he does not understand or subscribe to its manifesto, as set down by its founder, William Morris. The key SPAB principle is that no adaptation or extension to an historic building should seek to imitate the original, but be distinct and of its own time. To quote: a feeble and lifeless forgery is the final result of all the wasted labour. That one of the princes advisers also designs for Disneyland is symptomatic of a preference for a sanitised version of the past, stripped of the authentic vitality Morris sought to defend. (Macintosh 09) This difference in opinion reflects the much wider debate of whether to adapt buildings in a contemporary way or as traditionally as possible. Prince Charles can be seen as a typically British example. Part of the Monarchy but with effectively with no authority in matters including architecture, he feels his opinion more valid than that of William Morris and the entire staff at the Society for the protection of Ancient Buildings But the prince is understood to have particularly objected to the suggestion that restoring old houses in their original style often results in a pastiche an unflattering hotchpotch of materials and forms taken from different sources -and took pains to say as much.(English 09) With figure heads such as these portraying their opinion of the correct practice, as archaic mimicking, is it no wonder that the British public, that which is still in admiration of its monarchy, something which is very uniquely British, can the lesser known faces of this debate, such as the SPAB be considered within public consideration. However there are points raised by prince Charles that defend the idea that there is a difference in opinion or a gap of understanding between architects and the general public that must be addressed A gulf is continuing to divide architects from the rest of society because of their obsession with forms (Hurst 09). However even Prince Charles admitted that the planning system needed reform, which means that there is proof that the planning system does not even benefit those traditionalist ideas concerning architecture. There is recent contraversay about Prince Charles position within this architectural debate. The recent withdrawl of foreign funding for a high end contemporary development in London due to the Princes interfearence has angered many. It could be seen that Charles should be trying to urge foreign developers to invest in housing, to benefit the country as a whole, especially in a time of economic crisis. Many others challenged the design of the building, mainly those of a certain authority and age range Palace officials are likely to argue that the prince was only one voice against the Candys plans for Chelsea Barracks. Lord Stockton, grandson of Harold MacMillan, the former prime minister (Chittenden,09) The Prince also stated his views on his prefered alternative He proposed a classical alternative that mirrored the 17th-century Royal Hospital, designed by Sir Christopher Wren, across the street. (Chittenden,09) This comment is an example of how people are afraid of something new, a nd prefere the security of something that already exists, the pastiche. If the Prince becomes king in the future then the debate will become increasingly intense, which poses the possibility that more and more pastiche will find its was to the buildings sites, rather than something more exciting and innovative. The idea of recreating a like the Royal hospital, means that the newer building will only ever be a lesser building than the original, due to the fact that mimicking something with contemporary techniques will ultimatly compromise the overall integrity of the building, particularly when the original is as close as Prince Charles proposed. In esscence pastiche architecture is putting style out of context, in respect of time. Is it then not that different from structures in theme parks and museums? This can be epitimised by the fact that as discussed prevoisuly one of prince Charles advisors also designs for Disneyland. This could be seen as Prince Charles prioritising style ov er substance, whcih is surely not how successful buildings are designed. The idea of replicating an old building is never doing the original building justice, as it will always be compromised by contemporary requirements as well as contemporary building codes and planning regulations.. This could, in extreme circumstances in the future, lead to old buildings being demolished in favour of pastiche, as mock buildings are created in the relevant period and are therefore more suitable for current use.It could be said that to truly appreciate old buildings they muse have a contrast, in order to keep the rarety and preciousness of its design. Another aspect of architecture that Prince Charles has been talking about is sustainability. In a recent talk he was considered to come across as an intellectual Luddite, whose only solution is to retreat into a Hobbit-like world of organic earthy buildings and no cars. (Baillieu, 09) This is linked in Prince Charles speech with the idea that he is w ary or afraid of experimentation within the architectural genre. its his belief that the challenge of climate change can be solved without experimentation. This is where the speech unravelled for in making out experimentation to be a terrifying leap in the dark rather than something good based on hypotheses and a body of knowledge (Baillieu, 09). It is easy to see how these two aspects come together to form this overall opinion. This is again relating back to the idea of being afraid of the unknown and the security of the familiar which is known to have existed and survived for a period of time. However it is clear that without experimentation it will be impossible to combat the climate changing effects of our current architectural stock without stepping into the unknown and experimenting to create new technology and contemporary design. This supports the idea of moving on from historical design and designing in a more intellegent way in order to combat this problem, and start developing ideas for architecture that the future requires. This point in argued by those who support the science and technology of this debate In his famous two cultures lecture, the novelist and scientist CP Snow warned that if people wanted to turn their backs on science and the benefits of industrialisation they were free to make that choice. I respect you for the strength of your aesthetic revulsion, he said. But I dont respect you in the slightest if, even passively, you try to impose the same choice on others who are not free to choose.(Baillieu, 09). This also supports the idea that some part of the population are not nessessarily lead by their own choice but rather the choice of figureheads in their society. This directly relates to Prince Charles and the negative impact he could have on the populations views concerning architecture. It is easy to see how people become patriotic about this countries old buildings, but surely opposing anything contemporary in architecture at all is hindering the progress of the country as a whole. The destruction of old buildings during the first and second world wars helped to create the feeling of preciousness for the old buildings that survived. Modernism that took advantage of the loss of historical buildings to create something new, which even involved demolishing old buildings that survived the air raids. This was admired by young architectural minds but disliked by older more traditionalist architects as well as the public. This Modern style of building was very much a duplicating style with certain design rules that had to be followed by every building, which lead them to have a very generic quality. This strict code of aesthetic design lead to many of the buildings being demolished as little as ten to thirty years later, due to the fact that the buildings were deemed to have no soul and were considered ugly and harsh aesthetically. The destructive qualities of Modernism and the architects ideas of town planning, showed not only the public but also the architectural wo rld how important it was to create structures that were not only functional but iconic, and to create something the public could enjoy, not just the architectural elite. Modernism as a movement angered many people who were dedicated to preserving history, and ever since then they have been fiercely protective of old buildings and the work that is done with them. Many people however who have acquired old buildings with the intent on restoring them, have to wait months and deal with infuriating, bureaucracy before they can start work,. In a lot of cases until the necessary permissions are granted the owners are powerless and must watch as the building they own deteriorates further putting the building itself at risk. An example of this is the work carried out on a folly in Monmouth(FIG)(Gillilan 09) to restore the original building which is from the 16th century but was rebuilt after being struck by lightening in the late 1890s. They also wanted to include a modern extension and to te ar down the 20th century additions that were not appropriate for the building, trying to mimic the original with rendered concrete that were causing damage to the existing structure. This project included an equal amount of restoration and extension, designed by architects with thoughtful and delicate conjunction between modern and historic materials shows how with better technology and more sympathetic building materials our views to restoring old buildings is slowly changing. The planning committee of a local council however is not the only opposition an individual with Contemporary taste must face. Public approval is vital for a successful planning application, and neighbours opposition can stop a project even beginning. In Ling, a small historical village in Norfolk a resident wished to build a contemporary house on the site of his old pottery shed. He has been trying to get permission for his dwelling for years, and his biggest obstacle is the villagers themselves, who think the building is ugly and doesnt fit in The question is why did this matter so much, and why exactly did the new building not fit in? The building is proposed to be made from traditional methods with local materials so it is the contemporary style of the building the villagers find so offensive. The resident in question commented that there is something peculiarly British about this putting the past on a pedestal and that everything old is sacrosanct and you touch it at your peril. But is it just the British who feel this way, or is it something that is part of any country with a long history and a wealth of historical buildings. A contrast to this would be to look at a country where this is not the case. Dubai is mostly desert, but due to

Monday, January 20, 2020

The Concept of Perfectionism Essay examples -- Perfectionism Perfectio

The Concept of Perfectionism Do you push yourself to be the best? Do you get mad at yourself for not doing the best? Do you delay assignments till the last possible limit because of fear of rejection? Do you feel horrible when work isn’t done to your best ability of when minor failures seem like catastrophic ones? These are all signs of what is known as perfectionism (Pacht 1984). If you seem to agree with most of these things then you might be a perfectionist. According to Webster’s dictionary, it states that perfectionism is "a disposition which regards anything less than perfect, unacceptable." Many people in the world suffer from perfectionism. So is that case of Mike Bellah. His perfectionism lead him to a lifestyle where he lost who he was. He states, "When we’re always playing a part, we no longer know who we really are." Perfectionists try to do everything perfect leading them to an unstable, unsatisfying life. There are many characteristics and effects of perfectionism. Coping with the disorder of being a perfectionist can lead to a much more stable life. There are many characteristics and causes of perfectionism "It’s a compulsive guide to unrealistic goals" says psychiatrist David Burns. "Setting high personal standards and goals, and working hard to attain them is appropriate," he states, "however, perfectionists set excessively high goals and strive compulsively to achieve them." Perfectionists have the constant drive to be perfect. Anything less than the best is unacceptable to them. They refuse to live with anything than the best. The constant strive for excellence in everything that one does is one key characteristic when describing 2 perfectionism. Their measurement of their worth is entirely in terms of productivity and accomplishment. Perfectionists try to do so much to please others, and to show how much they can do, and overlook what they really want to do in life. They might take on so many jobs and get in over their head. They can’t say no to an idea because they would consider that failure. Many times, perfectionists start things over because things aren’t going perfect (Pacht 1984). Some have long delays in completing assignments, or repeatedly starting over on assignments because the work must be prefect from the beginning and continue to be perfect as one goes along. The causes of perfectionism can be described by th... ...nt without always accomplishing everything perfect, their life will become better manageable. Coping with perfectionism may not be easy, but these are a few key ideas to help those live better in life, and instead of trying to be perfect, to be "above average" or "normal." The many individuals in the world who suffer with perfectionism deal with it day to day. Perfectionists want to be perfect, which leads to a life that is not perfect. You can still set high goals for yourself, but they should be ones that can be accomplished. Some people try and harness perfectionism to work for them than letting it control their lives. They aren’t ashamed of it, and understand that it serves a useful purpose. Some people are able to control it, and some people aren’t. The concept of being perfect is one that cannot be achieved, because no one is ever perfect. It is a symbol of what is correct 100% and because we are human beings and not machines it is not possible. Everyone has goals for themselves, but to live a healthy life, we need to make them realistic. We can still give our best, but we need to please ourselves and be aware of who we are before we need to be perfect for others.